चीनी (खंड) के संपादन कइल जात बा

==इतिहा==
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===प्राचीन काल आ मध्यजुग===
[[File:Canaviais Sao Paulo 01 2008 06.jpg|thumb|[[ऊख]] के खेती]]
[[भारतीय उपमहादीप]] में<ref>Moxham, Roy, ''The Great Hedge of India'', Carroll & Graf, 2001 {{ISBN|0-7867-0976-6}}.</ref> प्राचीन काल से चीनी के उत्पादन कइल जात रहल बा आ इहँवा से ई आज के जमाना के अफगानिस्तान में चहुँपल, खैबर दर्रा से हो के।<ref>{{Cite book|title=When Asia was the World|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=12}}</ref> सुरुआती दौर में ई बहुत भारी मात्रा में ना उपराजल जाय आ बहुत सस्ता भी ना रहे, मिठास खातिर आमतौर पर मधु (शहद) के इस्तेमाल दुनिया के ज्यादातर हिस्सा में होखे। मूल रूप से लोग ऊख के सीधे चबा के चूभे आ एकर मिठास लेवे। ऊख मूल रूप से उष्णकटिबंधी दक्खिन एशिया आ दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया के पौधा रहबो कइल।<ref name=Kiple/> एकर अलगा-अलगा प्रजाति सभ अलगा-अलगा लोकेशन पर पैदा भइल जइसे कि ''सैकारम बारबेरी'' के मूल भारत हवे आ ''सैकारम एडुले'' आ ''सैकारम ओफिसिनारम'' न्यू गिनी के मूल के हवें।<ref name=Kiple>{{cite book |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/sugar.htm |title=World history of Food – Sugar |first=Kenneth F. |last=Kiple |author2=Kriemhild Conee Ornelas |lastauthoramp=yes |work= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=Sharpe>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm |title=Sugar Cane: Past and Present |work=Illinois: Southern Illinois University |author=Sharpe, Peter |year=1998 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203319/http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm |archivedate=जुलाई 10, 2011}}</ref> चीन के हाथ से लिखल पोथी सभ में ऊख के सभसे पुरान उल्लेख 8वीं-सदी ईसा पूर्ब के बा जे एकर उतपत्ती भारत में बतावे ला।<ref name=gr1>{{cite book |title=Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution |first=George |last=Rolph |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich}}</ref>

परंपरागत भारतीय बैदकी ([[आयुर्वेद]]) में, ऊख के इक्षु आ एकरे रस के फाणित के नाँव से उल्लेख मिले ला। एकर प्रकार, पर्यावाची आ लच्छन सभ निघंटु में बर्णित बाड़ें, जइसे कि "भावप्रकाश" (1.6.23, ऊख के बिबिध प्रकार) के बिबरन मिले ला।<ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Murthy
  | first = K. R. Srikantha
  | title = Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra, Vol. I
  | publisher = Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi
  | year = 2016
  | isbn=9788121800006
  | pages = 490–94
  | edition = reprint 2016
  | series = Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45
}}</ref>

यूरोप में ऊख के मिले के परमान 1ली-सदी ईस्वी में मिले ला, बाकी ई खाए वाली चीज के रूप में ना बलुक आयात कइल दवाई के रूप में इस्तमाल होखे।<ref>Galloway, J.H. (1989), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y96agmiQP7gC&lpg=PA24&pg=PA23#v=onepage ''The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. {{ISBN|0521022193}}</ref><ref name=faas>Faas,  Patrick, (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC&lpg=PA149 ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome'']. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.&nbsp;149. {{ISBN|0226233472}}</ref> यूनानी बैद पेडानियस डायोस्कोराइडेस अपना पहिली सदी ईस्वी के बैदकी के किताब दे मटेरिया मेडिका में ऊख के गुण के बिबरन देले बाड़ें,<ref>"There is a kind of coalesced honey called ''sakcharon'' [i.e. sugar] found in reeds in India and [[Arabia Felix|Eudaimon Arabia]] similar in consistency to salt and brittle enough to be broken between the teeth like salt," Quoted from Book Two of Dioscorides' ''Materia Medica''. The book is downloadable from links at the Wikipedia [[:en:Dioscorides]] page.</ref> आ प्लिनी (बड़का) जे एगो पहिली सदी ईस्वी के रोमन बिद्वान रहलें, अपना "नैचुरल हिस्ट्री" नाँव के इतिहासी किताब में एकर बिबरन देले बाड़े: "चीनी अरब में भी बने ले, बाकी भारतीय चीनी बेहतर होला। ई एक किसिम के मधु हवे जे ऊख में होला. गोंद नियर सुफेद होला, आ दांत के बिचा में कुरकुरा होखे ला। ई पहाड़ी बदाम (हेज़लनट) के बरोबर ढोंक में आवे ला। ई खाली दवाई खातिर इस्तमाल कइल जाला।"<ref name=faas/>

Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning [[sugarcane juice]] into granulated crystals that were easier to store and to transport.<ref name=Adas>Adas, Michael (January 2001). ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History''. Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-832-0}}. p. 311.</ref> Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the [[Gupta dynasty|Imperial Guptas]], around the 5th century CE.<ref name=Adas/> In the local Indian language, these crystals were called ''khanda'' ([[Devanagari]]: खण्ड, {{IAST|Khaṇḍa}}), which is the source of the word ''candy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sugarcane: Saccharum Officinarum |publisher=USAID, Govt of United States |year=2006 |page=7.1 |url=http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag&environ/Sugarcane.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015828/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag%26environ/Sugarcane.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-06 |df=}}</ref> Indian sailors, who carried [[clarified butter]] and sugar as supplies, introduced knowledge of sugar on the various [[trade routes]] they travelled.<ref name=Adas/> Buddhist monks, as they travelled around, brought sugar crystallization methods to China.<ref name=Kieschnick1>Kieschnick, John (2003). ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'' [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.</ref> During the reign of [[Harsha]] (r. 606–647) in [[North India]], Indian envoys in [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] taught methods of cultivating sugarcane after [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] (r. 626–649) made known his interest in sugar. China then established its first sugarcane plantations in the seventh century.<ref name="sen 38 40">Sen, Tansen. (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400''. Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies. {{ISBN|0-8248-2593-4}}. pp. 38–40.</ref> Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, to obtain technology for sugar refining.<ref name=Kieschnick11>Kieschnick, John (2003). ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'' [[Princeton University Press]]. 258. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.</ref> In South Asia, the Middle East and China, sugar became a staple of cooking and desserts.

[[Crusades|Crusaders]] brought sugar home with them to Europe after their campaigns in the [[Holy Land]], where they encountered caravans carrying "sweet salt". Early in the 12th century, Venice acquired some villages near [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe, where it supplemented honey, which had previously been the only available sweetener.<ref name="Ponting 2000 481">{{cite book |last=Ponting |first=Clive |authorlink=Clive Ponting |title=World history: a new perspective |origyear=2000 |year=2000 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=0-7011-6834-X |page=481}}</ref>
Crusade chronicler [[William of Tyre]], writing in the late 12th century, described sugar as "very necessary for the use and health of mankind".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barber |first1=Malcolm |edition=2nd |title=The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-17415-2 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7Kkm7cgT_xkC&pg=PA14}}</ref> In the 15th century, [[Venice]] was the chief sugar refining and distribution centre in Europe.<ref name=gr1/>

===आधुनिक इतिहास===
[[File:George Flegel Still-Life with Bread and Confectionary.jpg|thumb|''स्टिल लाइफ विद ब्रेड एंड कन्फेक्शनरी'', जॉर्ज फ्लेग्ल, 17वीं-सदी के पहिला हिस्सा।]]
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In August 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] stopped at [[La Gomera]] in the [[Canary Islands]], for wine and water, intending to stay only four days. He became romantically involved with the governor of the island, [[Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio]], and stayed a month. When he finally sailed, she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, which became the first to reach the New World.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historia de la conquista de las siete islas de Canarias |last=Abreu y Galindo |first=J. de |authorlink= |author2=A. Cioranescu  (ed) |year=1977 |publisher=Goya ediciones |location=Tenerife |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=}}</ref> The first sugar cane harvest was conducted in [[Hispaniola]] in 1501, and many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.{{sfn|Benitez-Rojo|1996|p=93}} The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in [[Santa Catarina Island]] and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam.
[[File:Hacienda La Fortuna Francisco Oller 1885 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|left|thumb|''हासिएंदा ला फार्चूना'' प्यूर्तो रिको में एगो चीनी मिल, फ्रांसिस्को ओलेर के पेंटिंग (1885), ब्रुकलिन म्यूजियम।]]
Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the 18th century, when it became more widely available. It then became popular and by the 19th century, sugar came to be considered a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes.<ref name=mintz>{{cite book |title=Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History |first=Sidney |last=Mintz |isbn=978-0-14-009233-2 |year=1986 |publisher=Penguin}}</ref> It drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could thrive. The demand for cheap labor to perform the hard work involved in its cultivation and processing increased the demand for the slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa). After slavery was abolished, there was high demand for [[indentured labor]]ers from South Asia (in particular India).<ref name=britain1>{{cite web |title=Forced Labour |year=2010 |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Walton |last=Lai |title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918 |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Vertovik |author2=(Robin Cohen, ed.) |title=The Cambridge survey of world migration |year=1995 |pages=57–68 |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7}}</ref> Millions of slave and indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean and the Americas, Indian Ocean colonies, southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, and East Africa and Natal. The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by the demand for sugar.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917 |first=K |last=Laurence |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-12172-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day |year=2009 |publisher=Caribbean Repeating Islands |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia’s-indian-arrival-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian indentured labourers |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |year=2010 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm}}</ref>
[[File:Sugar Cane closeup.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|ऊख के नजदीकी से लिहल फोटो। ऊख (गन्ना) उपनिवेशी सिस्टम के सभसे प्रमुख उकसावा रहल।]]
Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown. For example, Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the Bengal establishment, persuaded the British Government that sugar cane could be cultivated in British India with many advantages and at less expense than in the West Indies; as a result, sugar factories were established in [[Bihar]] in eastern India.<ref>[http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships/sugar-concerns Early Sugar Industry of Bihar – Bihargatha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142340/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships/sugar-concerns |date=2011-09-10 }}. Bihargatha.in. Retrieved on 2012-01-07.</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], sugar beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to [[blockade]]. By 1880, the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe. It was cultivated in [[Lincolnshire]] and other parts of England, although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sucrose.com/lhist.html |title=How Sugar is Made – the History |work=SKIL: Sugar Knowledge International |publisher= |accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>

Until the late nineteenth century, sugar was purchased in [[sugarloaf|loaves]], which had to be cut using implements called [[sugar nips]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesugargirls.com/a-visit-to-the-tate-lyle-archive// |title=A Visit to the Tate & Lyle Archive |publisher=The Sugar Girls blog |date=10 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-11}}</ref> In later years, granulated sugar was more usually sold in bags. Sugar cubes were produced in the nineteenth century. The first inventor of a process to make sugar in cube form was the [[Moravia]]n [[Jakub Kryštof Rad]], director of a sugar company in [[Dačice]]. He began sugar cube production after being granted a five-year patent for the process on January 23, 1843. [[Henry Tate]] of [[Tate & Lyle]] was another early manufacturer of sugar cubes at his refineries in Liverpool and London. Tate purchased a patent for sugar cube manufacture from German [[Eugen Langen]], who in 1872 had invented a different method of processing of sugar cubes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Duncan |last=Barrett |author2=Nuala Calvi |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=Collins |title=''[[The Sugar Girls]]'' |isbn=978-0-00-744847-0 |page=ix}}</ref>

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