चीनी (खंड) के संपादन कइल जात बा

===प्राचीन काल आ मध्यजुग===
[[File:Canaviais Sao Paulo 01 2008 06.jpg|thumb|[[ऊख]] के खेती]]
[[भारतीय उपमहादीप]] में<ref>Moxham, Roy, ''The Great Hedge of India'', Carroll & Graf, 2001 {{ISBN|0-7867-0976-6}}.</ref> प्राचीन काल से चीनी के उत्पादन कइल जात रहल बा आ इहँवा से ई आज के जमाना के अफगानिस्तान में चहुँपल, खैबर दर्रा से हो के।<ref>{{Cite book|title=When Asia was the World|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=12}}</ref> सुरुआती दौर में ई बहुत भारी मात्रा में ना उपराजल जाय आ बहुत सस्ता भी ना रहे, मिठास खातिर आमतौर पर मधु (शहद) के इस्तेमाल दुनिया के ज्यादातर हिस्सा में होखे। मूल रूप से लोग ऊख के सीधे चबा के चूभे आ एकर मिठास लेवे। ऊख मूल रूप से उष्णकटिबंधी दक्खिन एशिया आ दक्खिन पुरुब एशिया के पौधा रहबो कइल।<ref name=Kiple/> एकर अलगा-अलगा प्रजाति सभ अलगा-अलगा लोकेशन पर पैदा भइल जइसे कि ''सैकारम बारबेरी'' के मूल भारत हवे आ ''सैकारम एडुले'' आ ''सैकारम ओफिसिनारम'' न्यू गिनी के मूल के हवें।<ref name=Kiple>{{cite book |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/sugar.htm |title=World history of Food – Sugar |first=Kenneth F. |last=Kiple |author2=Kriemhild Conee Ornelas |lastauthoramp=yes |work= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=Sharpe>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm |title=Sugar Cane: Past and Present |work=Illinois: Southern Illinois University |author=Sharpe, Peter |year=1998 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203319/http://www.ethnoleaflets.com//leaflets/sugar.htm |archivedate=जुलाई 10, 2011}}</ref> चीन के हाथ से लिखल पोथी सभ में ऊख के सभसे पुरान उल्लेख 8वीं-सदी ईसा पूर्ब के बा जे एकर उतपत्ती भारत में बतावे ला।<ref name=gr1>{{cite book |title=Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution |first=George |last=Rolph |year=1873 |url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutsu00rolprich}}</ref>

परंपरागत भारतीय बैदकी ([[आयुर्वेद]]) में, ऊख के इक्षु आ एकरे रस के फाणित के नाँव से उल्लेख मिले ला। एकर प्रकार, पर्यावाची आ लच्छन सभ निघंटु में बर्णित बाड़ें, जइसे कि "भावप्रकाश" (1.6.23, ऊख के बिबिध प्रकार) के बिबरन मिले ला।<ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Murthy
  | first = K. R. Srikantha
  | title = Bhāvaprakāśa of Bhāvamiśra, Vol. I
  | publisher = Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi
  | year = 2016
  | isbn=9788121800006
  | pages = 490–94
  | edition = reprint 2016
  | series = Krishnadas Ayurveda Series 45
}}</ref>

यूरोप में ऊख के मिले के परमान 1ली-सदी ईस्वी में मिले ला, बाकी ई खाए वाली चीज के रूप में ना बलुक आयात कइल दवाई के रूप में इस्तमाल होखे।<ref>Galloway, J.H. (1989), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y96agmiQP7gC&lpg=PA24&pg=PA23#v=onepage ''The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914'']. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. {{ISBN|0521022193}}</ref><ref name=faas>Faas,  Patrick, (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC&lpg=PA149 ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome'']. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.&nbsp;149. {{ISBN|0226233472}}</ref> यूनानी बैद पेडानियस डायोस्कोराइडेस अपना पहिली सदी ईस्वी के बैदकी के किताब दे मटेरिया मेडिका में ऊख के गुण के बिबरन देले बाड़ें,<ref>"There is a kind of coalesced honey called ''sakcharon'' [i.e. sugar] found in reeds in India and [[Arabia Felix|Eudaimon Arabia]] similar in consistency to salt and brittle enough to be broken between the teeth like salt," Quoted from Book Two of Dioscorides' ''Materia Medica''. The book is downloadable from links at the Wikipedia [[:en:Dioscorides]] page.</ref> आ प्लिनी (बड़का) जे एगो पहिली सदी ईस्वी के रोमन बिद्वान रहलें, अपना "नैचुरल हिस्ट्री" नाँव के इतिहासी किताब में एकर बिबरन देले बाड़े: "चीनी अरब में भी बने ले, बाकी भारतीय चीनी बेहतर होला। ई एक किसिम के मधु हवे जे ऊख में होला. गोंद नियर सुफेद होला, आ दांत के बिचा में कुरकुरा होखे ला। ई पहाड़ी बदाम (हेज़लनट) के बरोबर ढोंक में आवे ला। ई खाली दवाई खातिर इस्तमाल कइल जाला।"<ref name=faas/>

Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning [[sugarcane juice]] into granulated crystals that were easier to store and to transport.<ref name=Adas>Adas, Michael (January 2001). ''Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History''. Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-832-0}}. p. 311.</ref> Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the [[Gupta dynasty|Imperial Guptas]], around the 5th century CE.<ref name=Adas/> In the local Indian language, these crystals were called ''khanda'' ([[Devanagari]]: खण्ड, {{IAST|Khaṇḍa}}), which is the source of the word ''candy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sugarcane: Saccharum Officinarum |publisher=USAID, Govt of United States |year=2006 |page=7.1 |url=http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag&environ/Sugarcane.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015828/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag%26environ/Sugarcane.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-06 |df=}}</ref> Indian sailors, who carried [[clarified butter]] and sugar as supplies, introduced knowledge of sugar on the various [[trade routes]] they travelled.<ref name=Adas/> Buddhist monks, as they travelled around, brought sugar crystallization methods to China.<ref name=Kieschnick1>Kieschnick, John (2003). ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'' [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.</ref> During the reign of [[Harsha]] (r. 606–647) in [[North India]], Indian envoys in [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] taught methods of cultivating sugarcane after [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] (r. 626–649) made known his interest in sugar. China then established its first sugarcane plantations in the seventh century.<ref name="sen 38 40">Sen, Tansen. (2003). ''Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400''. Manoa: Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies. {{ISBN|0-8248-2593-4}}. pp. 38–40.</ref> Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, to obtain technology for sugar refining.<ref name=Kieschnick11>Kieschnick, John (2003). ''The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture'' [[Princeton University Press]]. 258. {{ISBN|0-691-09676-7}}.</ref> In South Asia, the Middle East and China, sugar became a staple of cooking and desserts.

[[Crusades|Crusaders]] brought sugar home with them to Europe after their campaigns in the [[Holy Land]], where they encountered caravans carrying "sweet salt". Early in the 12th century, Venice acquired some villages near [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe, where it supplemented honey, which had previously been the only available sweetener.<ref name="Ponting 2000 481">{{cite book |last=Ponting |first=Clive |authorlink=Clive Ponting |title=World history: a new perspective |origyear=2000 |year=2000 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=0-7011-6834-X |page=481}}</ref>
Crusade chronicler [[William of Tyre]], writing in the late 12th century, described sugar as "very necessary for the use and health of mankind".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barber |first1=Malcolm |edition=2nd |title=The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-17415-2 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7Kkm7cgT_xkC&pg=PA14}}</ref> In the 15th century, [[Venice]] was the chief sugar refining and distribution centre in Europe.<ref name=gr1/>