यूनाइटेड किंगडम (खंड) के संपादन कइल जात बा

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main article|Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}}
There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/report%20of%209th%20uncsgn%20n0750902%20en.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lhCIacyi?url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/9th-UNCSGN-Docs/E-CONF-98-48-Add1.pdf |archivedate=1 December 2009 |title=Ninth UN Conference on the standardization of Geographical Names |date=अगस्त 2007 |author=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |publisher=UN Statistics Division |accessdate=21 अक्टूबर 2008}}</ref> Each country of the United Kingdom has its own arrangements, whose origins often pre-date the UK's formation. Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements, but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function,<ref name="barlow">{{cite book |last=Barlow |first=I.M. |title=Metropolitan Government |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-02099-2}}</ref> most significantly the devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The organisation of [[local government in England]] is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements. Legislation concerning local government in England is the responsibility of the UK's parliament and the government, as England has no devolved legislature. The upper-tier [[subdivisions of England]] are the nine [[Regions of England|regions]], now used primarily for statistical purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5hYQkeu1p?url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/national/ |archivedate=15 जून 2009 |publisher=Government Offices |accessdate=3 July 2008 |title=Welcome to the national site of the Government Office Network}}</ref> One region, [[Greater London Authority|Greater London]], has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a [[Greater London Authority referendum, 1998|referendum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023053/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/history.jsp |archivedate=21 April 2008 |title=A short history of London government |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=4 अक्टूबर 2008}}</ref> It was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected [[Regional assembly (England)|regional assemblies]], but a proposed assembly in the [[North East England|North East]] region was rejected by a [[Northern England devolution referendums, 2004|referendum in 2004]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article503255.ece |title=Prescott's dream in tatters as North East rejects assembly |accessdate=15 February 2008 |work=The Times |location=London |first1=Jill |last1=Sherman |first2=Andrew |last2=Norfolk |date=5 November 2004 |quote=The Government is now expected to tear up its twelve-year-old plan to create eight or nine regional assemblies in England to mirror devolution in Scotland and Wales.}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Below the regional tier, some parts of England have [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|county councils]] and district councils and others have [[unitary authorities]]; while London consists of 32 [[London borough]]s and the [[City of London]]. Councillors are elected by the [[Plurality voting system|first-past-the-post]] system in single-member wards or by the [[Plurality-at-large voting|multi-member plurality system]] in multi-member wards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/39780 |title=Local Authority Elections |publisher=Local Government Association |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118195001/http://www.lga.gov.uk/lga/aio/39780 |archivedate=18 January 2012 }}</ref>

For [[Local government in Scotland|local government purposes]], Scotland is divided into [[subdivisions of Scotland|32 council areas]], with wide variation in both size and population. The cities of [[Glasgow]], Edinburgh, [[Aberdeen]] and [[Dundee]] are separate council areas, as is the [[Politics of the Highland council area|Highland Council]] which includes a third of Scotland's area but only just over 200,000 people. Local councils are made up of elected councillors, of whom there are 1,223;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xJnMrHvK?url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Bennie.pdf |archivedate=20 मार्च 2011 |title=STV in Scotland: Local Government Elections 2007 |publisher=Political Studies Association |accessdate=2 अगस्त 2008}}</ref> they are paid a part-time salary. Elections are conducted by [[single transferable vote]] in multi-member wards that elect either three or four councillors. Each council elects a [[Provost (civil)|Provost]], or [[Chairman|Convenor]], to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area. [[Councillor]]s are subject to a [[Ethical code|code of conduct]] enforced by the [[Standards Commission for Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Councillors' Code of Conduct: 3rd Edition – December 2010 |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/12/10145144/0 |publisher=The Scottish Government |accessdate=9 मार्च 2015}}</ref> The representative association of Scotland's local authorities is the [[Convention of Scottish Local Authorities]] (COSLA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosla.gov.uk/about/decision-making-cosla |title=Who we are |publisher=Convention of Scottish Local Authorities |accessdate=5 July 2011}}</ref>

[[Local government in Wales]] consists of 22 unitary authorities. These include the cities of Cardiff, Swansea and Newport which are unitary authorities in their own right.<ref name="unitary">{{cite web |url=http://gov.wales/topics/localgovernment/local-authorities/?lang=en |title=Unitary authorities |publisher=Welsh Government |year=2014 |accessdate=9 मार्च 2015}}</ref> Elections are held every four years under the first-past-the-post system.<ref name="unitary" /> The most recent elections were held in May 2012, except for the [[Isle of Anglesey]]. The [[Welsh Local Government Association]] represents the interests of local authorities in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wlga.gov.uk/ |title=Welsh Local Government Association |publisher=Welsh Local Government Association |accessdate=20 मार्च 2008}}</ref>

[[Local government in Northern Ireland]] has since 1973 been organised into 26 district councils, each elected by single transferable vote. Their powers are limited to services such as collecting waste, controlling dogs and maintaining parks and cemeteries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4449092.stm |title=NI local government set for shake-up |work=BBC News |date=18 November 2005 |accessdate=15 November 2008 |first=Mark |last=Devenport}}</ref> On 13 मार्च 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |title=Foster announces the future shape of local government |publisher=Northern Ireland Executive |date=13 मार्च 2008 |accessdate=20 अक्टूबर 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725002254/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-doe/news-doe-130308-foster-announces-the.htm |archivedate=25 July 2008 |df= }}</ref> The next local elections were postponed until 2016 to facilitate this.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.nio.gov.uk/local-government-elections-to-be-aligned-with-review-of-public-administration/media-detail.htm?newsID=15153 |title=Local Government elections to be aligned with review of public administration |publisher=Northern Ireland Office |date=25 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217174725/http://www.nio.gov.uk/local-government-elections-to-be-aligned-with-review-of-public-administration/media-detail.htm?newsID=15153|archivedate=17 February 2013 |accessdate=8 मार्च 2015}}</ref>


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