चीनी (खंड) के संपादन कइल जात बा

===आधुनिक इतिहास===
[[File:George Flegel Still-Life with Bread and Confectionary.jpg|thumb|''स्टिल लाइफ विद ब्रेड एंड कन्फेक्शनरी'', जॉर्ज फ्लेग्ल, 17वीं-सदी के पहिला हिस्सा।]]
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In August 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] stopped at [[La Gomera]] in the [[Canary Islands]], for wine and water, intending to stay only four days. He became romantically involved with the governor of the island, [[Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio]], and stayed a month. When he finally sailed, she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, which became the first to reach the New World.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historia de la conquista de las siete islas de Canarias |last=Abreu y Galindo |first=J. de |authorlink= |author2=A. Cioranescu  (ed) |year=1977 |publisher=Goya ediciones |location=Tenerife |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=}}</ref> The first sugar cane harvest was conducted in [[Hispaniola]] in 1501, and many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.{{sfn|Benitez-Rojo|1996|p=93}} The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in [[Santa Catarina Island]] and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam.
[[File:Hacienda La Fortuna Francisco Oller 1885 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|left|thumb|''हासिएंदा ला फार्चूना'' प्यूर्तो रिको में एगो चीनी मिल, फ्रांसिस्को ओलेर के पेंटिंग (1885), ब्रुकलिन म्यूजियम।]]
Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the 18th century, when it became more widely available. It then became popular and by the 19th century, sugar came to be considered a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes.<ref name=mintz>{{cite book |title=Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History |first=Sidney |last=Mintz |isbn=978-0-14-009233-2 |year=1986 |publisher=Penguin}}</ref> It drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could thrive. The demand for cheap labor to perform the hard work involved in its cultivation and processing increased the demand for the slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa). After slavery was abolished, there was high demand for [[indentured labor]]ers from South Asia (in particular India).<ref name=britain1>{{cite web |title=Forced Labour |year=2010 |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Walton |last=Lai |title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918 |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Steven |last=Vertovik |author2=(Robin Cohen, ed.) |title=The Cambridge survey of world migration |year=1995 |pages=57–68 |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7}}</ref> Millions of slave and indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean and the Americas, Indian Ocean colonies, southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, and East Africa and Natal. The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by the demand for sugar.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917 |first=K |last=Laurence |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-12172-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day |year=2009 |publisher=Caribbean Repeating Islands |url=http://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia’s-indian-arrival-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian indentured labourers |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |year=2010 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm}}</ref>
[[File:Sugar Cane closeup.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|ऊख के नजदीकी से लिहल फोटो। ऊख (गन्ना) उपनिवेशी सिस्टम के सभसे प्रमुख उकसावा रहल।]]
Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown. For example, Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the Bengal establishment, persuaded the British Government that sugar cane could be cultivated in British India with many advantages and at less expense than in the West Indies; as a result, sugar factories were established in [[Bihar]] in eastern India.<ref>[http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships/sugar-concerns Early Sugar Industry of Bihar – Bihargatha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142340/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships/sugar-concerns |date=2011-09-10 }}. Bihargatha.in. Retrieved on 2012-01-07.</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], sugar beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to [[blockade]]. By 1880, the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe. It was cultivated in [[Lincolnshire]] and other parts of England, although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sucrose.com/lhist.html |title=How Sugar is Made – the History |work=SKIL: Sugar Knowledge International |publisher= |accessdate=2012-03-28}}</ref>

Until the late nineteenth century, sugar was purchased in [[sugarloaf|loaves]], which had to be cut using implements called [[sugar nips]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesugargirls.com/a-visit-to-the-tate-lyle-archive// |title=A Visit to the Tate & Lyle Archive |publisher=The Sugar Girls blog |date=10 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-03-11}}</ref> In later years, granulated sugar was more usually sold in bags. Sugar cubes were produced in the nineteenth century. The first inventor of a process to make sugar in cube form was the [[Moravia]]n [[Jakub Kryštof Rad]], director of a sugar company in [[Dačice]]. He began sugar cube production after being granted a five-year patent for the process on January 23, 1843. [[Henry Tate]] of [[Tate & Lyle]] was another early manufacturer of sugar cubes at his refineries in Liverpool and London. Tate purchased a patent for sugar cube manufacture from German [[Eugen Langen]], who in 1872 had invented a different method of processing of sugar cubes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Duncan |last=Barrett |author2=Nuala Calvi |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher=Collins |title=''[[The Sugar Girls]]'' |isbn=978-0-00-744847-0 |page=ix}}</ref>

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