मैंडारिन बत्तख के संपादन कइल जा रहल बा

{{भोजपुरी नइखे|अंगरेजी}}
{{Taxobox
| name = मैंडारिन बत्तख <br><small>Mandarin duck</small>
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal | authors = [[BirdLife International]] | title = ''Aix galericulata'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume= 2012 | page = e.T22680107A40697187 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2012 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680107A40697187.en | accessdate = 8 अप्रैल 2016}}</ref>
| image = Pair of mandarin ducks.jpg
| image_caption = मैंडारिन बत्तख के एक ठो जोड़ा, यूके में
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Anseriformes]]
| familia = [[Anatidae]]
| genus = ''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]''
| species = '''''A. galericulata'''''
| binomial = ''Aix galericulata''
| binomial_authority = ([[लिंनायस]], 1758)
}}

'''मैंडरिन बत्तख''' ({{Lang-en|[[:en:Mandarin duck|Mandarin duck]]}}; ''Aix galericulata'') एक परकार के [[:en:perching duck|पर्चिंग बत्तख]] के प्रजाति हवे जे पूरब एशिया में पावल जाले आ मूल रूप से [[जापान]] के चिरई हवे। ई माझिल आकार के चिरई लगभग {{convert|41|–|49|cm|in|abbr=on}} लंबाई आ {{convert|65|–|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} के पाँख फइलाव वाली होखे ले। ई उत्तरी अमेरिका के  [[:en:wood duck|जंगली बत्तख]] से बहुत नजदीक से संबंधित बाटे, ''[[:en:Aix (genus)|Aix]]'' बंस से एकलौता सदस्य हवे। ''Aix'' एक ठो [[प्राचीन यूनान]] के शब्द हवे जे [[अरस्तू]] द्वारा कौनों अनजान गोताखोर चिरई खातिर इस्तेमाल कइल गइल रहल, आ ''galericulata'' एक ठो लैटिन भाषा के शब्द हवे जे नकली बार (विग) खातिर प्रयोग होला।<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages = 37, 169}}</ref>

==बिबरन==
वयस्क नर एक ठो आसानी से पहिचानल जा सके वाली चिरई होले। एकर ठोर लाल रंग के आ आँख के ऊपर बड़ा सुफेद चनरमा के नियर धब्बा, ललछाहूँ चेहरा आ लटकल बार होलें। छाती पर दो गो सुफेद लम्बा धारी आ पीठ पर दू गो संतरहवा रंग के पट्टी होला। मादा के रंग चटक ना होला बलुक माटी के रंग के होला आ छाती के हिस्सा पीयराहूँ आ ठोर के नोक पीयर होले।<ref name=Aix/>

दुन्नों के कलँगी होला बाकिर नर के कलँगी ढेर स्पष्ट होला।

===म्यूटेशन===
मैंडारिन बत्तख के बंधक बना के रखले के कारण कई तरह के म्यूटेशन भइल बा। सभसे ढेर पावल जाए वाला केस सुफेद मैंडारिन बत्तख बाटे।

==बिस्व में बितरण आ आवास==
[[File:Aix galericulata dis.PNG|thumb|center|600px|The native range of the mandarin duck, and parts of its introduced range where it is established breeding 
<center>{{legend2|#FFFF00|Breeding|border=solid 1px gray}}{{spaces|2}}
{{legend2|#047000|Native resident|border=solid 1px gray}}{{spaces|2}}
{{legend2|#6CFFFF|Migrant|border=solid 1px gray}}{{spaces|2}}
{{legend2|#0061FF|Winter visitor|border=solid 1px gray}}{{spaces|2}}
{{legend2|#0DFF00|Introduced resident|border=solid 1px gray}}</center>
]]
The [[species]] was once widespread in East Asia, but large-scale exports and the destruction of its forest [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] have reduced populations in eastern Russia and in China to below 1,000 pairs in each country; Japan, however, is thought to still hold some 5,000 pairs. The Asian populations are [[bird migration|migratory]], overwintering in lowland eastern China and southern Japan.<ref name=Madge/>

Specimens frequently escape from collections, and in the 20th century a large feral population was established in [[Great Britain]]; more recently small numbers have bred in Ireland, concentrated in the parks of [[Dublin]]. There are now about 7,000 in Britain, and other populations on the European continent, the largest in the region of [[Berlin]].<ref name=berliner-zeitung/> Isolated populations exist in the United States. The town of [[Black Mountain, North Carolina]] has a limited population,<ref name=post-gazette/> and there is a free-flying feral population of several hundred mandarins in [[Sonoma County, California]]. This population is the result of several mandarin ducks escaping from captivity, then going on to reproduce in the wild.<ref name=Aix/>

The habitats it prefers in its breeding range are the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes. It mostly occurs in low-lying areas, but it may breed in valleys at altitudes of up to {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In winter, it additionally occurs in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers. While it prefers freshwater, it may also be seen wintering in coastal lagoons and estuaries. In its introduced European range, it lives in more open habitat than in its native range, around the edges lakes, water meadows, and cultivated areas with woods nearby.<ref name=Madge/>

==बेहवार==
===मिलन आ प्रजनन===
[[File:Aix galericulata -Richmond Park, London, England -mother and ducklings-8.jpg|thumb|230px|A female parent with ducklings in [[Richmond Park]], London, England]]
In the wild, mandarin ducks breed in densely wooded areas near shallow lakes, marshes or ponds. They nest in cavities in trees close to water and during the spring, the females lay their eggs in the tree's cavity after mating. A single clutch of nine to twelve eggs is laid in अप्रैल or मई. Although the male may defend the brooding female and his eggs during incubation, he himself does not incubate the eggs and leaves before they hatch. Shortly after the ducklings hatch, their mother flies to the ground and coaxes the ducklings to leap from the nest. After all of the ducklings are out of the tree, they will follow their mother to a nearby body of water.<ref name=Madge/>

===चारा आ पालन-पोषन===
[[File:Aix galericulata -Bushy Park, Terenure, Dublin, Ireland -male-8 (1).jpg|thumb|left|230px|Male flying in Dublin, Ireland]]
Mandarins feed by dabbling or walking on land. They mainly eat plants and [[seeds]], especially [[beech]] mast. The species will also add snails, insects and small fish to its diet.<ref name=LPZMandarinDuck/> The diet of mandarin ducks changes seasonally; in the fall and winter, they mostly eat acorns and grains. In the spring, they mostly eat insects, snails, fish and aquatic plants. In the summer, they eat dew worms, small fish, frogs, mollusks, and small snakes.<ref name=HonoluluZoo/> They feed mainly near dawn or dusk, perching in trees or on the ground during the day.<ref name=Madge/>

==खतरा==
Predation of the mandarin duck varies between different parts of its range. [[Mink]], [[raccoon dog]]s, [[otter]]s, polecats, [[Eurasian eagle owl]]s, and [[grass snake]]s are all predators of the mandarin duck.<ref name=HonoluluZoo/> The greatest threat to the mandarin duck is habitat loss due to loggers. Hunters are also a threat to the mandarin duck, because often they are unable to recognize the mandarin in flight and as a result, many are shot by accident. Mandarin ducks are not hunted for food, however they are still poached because their extreme beauty is prized.<ref name=HonoluluZoo/>

==संस्कृति में==
===चीनी संस्कृति में===
[[File:Porcelaine Yuan.jpg|thumb|230px| युआन बंस के समय के पोर्सलीन के चायदानी, मैंडारिन बत्तख के रूप में गढ़ल।]]
[[File:Kinesisk kanna från 1760 cirka i form av anka med handtag som lotusblomma - Hallwylska museet - 95447.tif|thumb|पोर्सलीन के शराब के सुराही, [[किंग बंस]], लग॰ 1760 ई॰]]
Mandarin ducks are referred to by the Chinese as ''Yuan-yang'' ({{zh|s= 鸳鸯|t= 鴛鴦|p= yuān yāng}}), where ''yuan'' ([[wiktionary:鴛|鴛]]) and ''yang'' ([[wiktionary:鴦|鴦]]) respectively stand for male and female mandarin ducks. In traditional Chinese culture, mandarin ducks are believed to be lifelong couples, unlike other species of ducks. Hence they are regarded as a symbol of conjugal affection and fidelity, and are frequently featured in Chinese art.

A [[Chinese proverb]] for loving couples uses the mandarin duck as a metaphor: ''"Two mandarin ducks playing in water"'' ({{zh|s= 鸳鸯戏水|t= 鴛鴦戲水|p= yuān yāng xì shuǐ}}). A mandarin duck symbol is also used in Chinese weddings because in traditional Chinese lore, they symbolize wedded bliss and fidelity. Because the male and female plumages of the mandarin duck are so unalike, ''yuan-yang'' is frequently used colloquially in [[Cantonese]] to mean an "odd couple" or "unlikely pair" &ndash; a mixture of two different types of same category. For example, the drink [[yuanyang (drink)|yuanyang]] and yuan-yang fried rice.

===कोरियाई संस्कृति===
<!-- {{see also|Wedding ducks}} -->
[[कोरिया के लोग]] खातिर, मैंडारिन बत्तख शान्ति, स्पष्टता, आ पर्याप्त संतान के चीन्हा होला। चीनी लोग के नियर उहो लोग माने ला कि बत्तख सभ जीवन खातिर मिलन करे लीं। एही कारण से एह चिरई के शादी बियाह में महत्व दिहल जाला आ कई बेर ई चिरई सभ के  जोड़ा बियाह में उपहार के रूप में भी दिहल जालिन।<ref name=nytimes/>

==गैलरी==
{{Gallery
|title=मैंडारिन बत्तख के बिबिध तस्वीर
|width=253
|height=120
|lines=1
|align=center
|File:Aix galericulata male portrait.jpg|Portrait of a male at [[Martin Mere]], UK
|File:Aix galericulata (wild living in Warsaw).JPG|Mandarin drake
|File:Mandarinducksum.JPG|Drake in [[eclipse plumage]]
|File:Mandarin duckling 800.jpg|Duckling
|File:Mating Mandarin Ducks.jpg|Mating couple
|File:Aix galericulata MWNH 1970.JPG|Egg, collection of [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
}}

==संदर्भ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Aix>{{cite book |first1=Lawton |last1=Shurtleff |first2=Christopher |last2=Savage |year=1996 |title=The Wood Duck and the Mandarin: The Northern Wood Ducks |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20812-9}}</ref>

<ref name=berliner-zeitung>{{cite news |first=Jens |last=Blankennagel |url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/die-exotische-mandarinente-hat-sich-in-der-region-erfolgreich-angesiedelt-kunterbunte-einwanderer,10810590,10531116.html |newspaper=Berliner Zeitung |title=Kunterbunte Einwanderer |date=11 जनवरी 2008 |accessdate=3 फरवरी 2012 |language=German}}</ref>

<ref name=HonoluluZoo>{{cite web |url=http://www.honoluluzoo.org/mandarin_duck.htm |title=Mandarin Duck |accessdate=5 फरवरी 2012 |publisher=Honolulu Zoo |archivedate=31 मई 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531001257/http://www.honoluluzoo.org/mandarin_duck.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=LPZMandarinDuck>{{cite web |url=http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mandarin-duck |title=Mandarin Duck Fact Sheet |publisher=Lincoln Park Zoo}}</ref>

<ref name=Madge>{{cite book |last1=Madge |first1=Steve |last2=Burn |first2=Hilary |year=1987 |title=Wildfowl: An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world |publisher=Christopher Helm |location=London |isbn=0-7470-2201-1 |pages=188–189}}</ref>

<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |last=Chira |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan Chira |title=The Happy Couple: Korean Wedding Ducks |date=5 October 1986 |work=The New York Times |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/05/magazine/tips-for-sophisticated-traveler-super-souvenirs-happy-couple-korean-wedding.html |accessdate=30 June 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=post-gazette>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/news/science/lets-talk-about-birds-mandarin-ducks-214952/ |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post Gazette |title=Let's Talk About Birds: Mandarin Ducks |accessdate=8 फरवरी 2012 |date=8 फरवरी 2012 |first=Mike |last=Marcus}}</ref>
}}

==बाहरी कड़ी==
{{Commons and category|Aix galericulata|Aix galericulata}}
{{wikispecies|Aix galericulata}}
* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/m/mandarin/index.asp RSPB Birds by Name — Mandarin Duck]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813102558/http://www.bbk.ac.uk/bcs/about_staff/baggott/Current_research/content/index_html Mandarin Duck Research Pages - Birkbeck, University of London]
* [http://www.mandarinduck.org/html/index.html Mandarin Duck Research]
* {{InternetBirdCollection|mandarin-duck-aix-galericulata}}

[[श्रेणी:बत्तख]]
[[श्रेणी:पाकिस्तान के चिरई]]
[[श्रेणी:यूरोप के चिरई]]