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देवनागरी - बदलाव इतिहास
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ImportMaster: robot: Import pages using विशेष:आयात
2022-04-22T05:08:40Z
<p>robot: Import pages using <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="विशेष:आयात">विशेष:आयात</a></p>
<p><b>नया पन्ना</b></p><div>{{Infobox writing system<br />
|name=देवनागरी<br />
|altname =<br />
|sample=Chandas typeface specimen.svg<br />
|caption=देवनागरी अच्छर (Chandas फोंट में)<br />
|type=[[आबूगीडा]]<br />
|languages=[[भोजपुरी]], [[हिंदी]], [[मराठी]], [[मैथिली]], [[नेपाली]], [[नेपाल भाषा|नेवारी]], [[कोंकणी भाषा|कोंकणी]], [[बोडो भाषा|बोडो]], [[सिंधी भाषा|सिंधी]] आ [[संस्कृत]]<br />
|time=सुरुआती चीन्हा: पहिली सदी ईस्वी,<ref name=gazett/> आधुनिक रूप: 10<sup>वीं</sup> सदी ईसवी<ref name="taylor2003">{{Citation | title=History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2 | author=Isaac Taylor | year=1883 | isbn=978-0-7661-5847-4 |publisher= Kegan Paul, Trench & Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/alphabet00unkngoog#page/n348/mode/2up/|page=333 | quote=''...&nbsp;In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line ... three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the [[Chalukya]] or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 ... the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari ...''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-509984-3| last = Salomon| first = Richard| title = Indian epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages| location = Oxford| series = South Asia research| date = 1998|pp=39–41}}</ref><br />
|region=भारत आ नेपाल<br />
|fam1=[[ब्राह्मी लिपि|ब्राह्मी]]<br />
|fam2=[[गुप्त लिपि|गुप्त]]<br />
|fam3=[[नागरी लिपि|नागरी]]<br />
|sisters=[[गुरुमुखी]], [[नंदनागरी]], [[कैथी]]<br />
|children=[[गुजराती लिपि|गुजराती]]<br />[[Moḍī script|Moḍī]]<br />
|unicode=[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf U+0900–U+097F] देवनागरी, <br />[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf U+A8E0–U+A8FF] देवनागरी&nbsp;बिस्तारित, <br />[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf U+1CD0–U+1CFF] वैदिक&nbsp;बिस्तार<br />
|iso15924=Deva<br />
}}<br />
'''देवनगरी''', [[लिखाई]] के एक ठो सिस्टम हवे। एकर जनम [[ब्राह्मी लिपि]] से भयल बा। एके मुख्य रूप से [[हिंदी]], [[मराठी]], [[संस्कृत]], [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]], अउर [[भोजपुरी]] भाषा लिखे बदे इस्तेमाल करल जाला।<br />
<br />
{{clear}}<br />
==अच्छर==<br />
===स्वर===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%"<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
!स्वतंत्र रूप<br />
!रोमनाइजेशन<br />
!{{lang|und-Deva|प}} के साथ मात्र के रूप में<br />
!rowspan="8" style="width:20px"|<br />
!स्वतंत्र रूप<br />
!रोमनाइजेशन<br />
!{{lang|und-Deva|प}} के साथ मात्र के रूप में<br />
|-<br />
!''कंठ्य''<br>([[Guttural]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|अ}}<br />
|{{IAST|a}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|प}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|आ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ā}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पा}}<br />
|-<br />
!''तालव्य''<br>([[Palatal]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|इ}}<br />
|{{IAST|i}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पि}}<br />
<!--When you input [p] [i], you should see [i] [p] as the correct result.<br />
If not, that means your computer does not support Indic script. Please do not swap.--><br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ई}}<br />
|{{IAST|ī}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पी}}<br />
|-<br />
!''ओष्ठ्य''<br>([[Labial consonant|Labial]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|उ}}<br />
|{{IAST|u}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पु}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ऊ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ū}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पू}}<br />
|-<br />
!''मूर्धन्य''<br>([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ऋ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ṛ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पृ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ॠ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ṝ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पॄ}}<br />
|-<br />
!''दन्त्य''<br>([[Dental consonant|Dental]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ऌ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ḷ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पॢ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ॡ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ḹ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पॣ}}<br />
|-<br />
!''कंठतालव्य''<br>(Palatoguttural)<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ए}}<br />
|{{IAST|e}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पे}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ऐ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ai}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पै}}<br />
|-<br />
!''कंठओष्ठ्य''<br>(Labioguttural)<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ओ}}<br />
|{{IAST|o}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पो}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|औ}}<br />
|{{IAST|au}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पौ}}<br />
|-<br />
!''{{IAST|}}''<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|अं}}<br />
|{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पं}}<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|अः}}<br />
|{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पः}}<br />
|-<br />
!''{{IAST|}}''<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|अॅ or एॅ}}<br />
|{{IAST|æ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पॅ}}<br />
|<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ऑ}}<br />
|{{IAST|ɒ or ɔ}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|पॉ}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===ब्यंजन===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! colspan=8 | ''{{IAST|sparśa}}''<br>([[Plosive consonant|Plosive]])<br />
! colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|anunāsika}}''<br>([[Nasal stop|Nasal]])<br />
! colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|antastha}}''<br>([[Approximant]])<br />
! colspan=4 | ''{{IAST|ūṣma/saṃghaṣhrī}}''<br>([[Fricative consonant|Fricative]])<br />
|-<br />
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →<br />
| colspan="4"| ''{{IAST|aghoṣa}}''<br />
| colspan="8" style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|ghoṣa}}''<br />
| colspan="2"| ''{{IAST|aghoṣa}}''<br />
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|ghoṣa}}''<br />
|-<br />
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →<br />
| colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''<br />
| colspan=2 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''<br />
| colspan=2 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''<br />
| colspan=4 | ''{{IAST|alpaprāṇa}}''<br />
| colspan=4 style="background:beige;"| ''{{IAST|mahāprāṇa}}''<br />
|-<br />
!''{{IAST|kaṇṭhya}}''<br>([[Guttural]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|क}}||{{IAST|ka}}<br>{{IPA|/k/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ख}}||{{IAST|kha}}<br>{{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ग}}||{{IAST|ga}}<br>{{IPA|/ɡ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|घ}}||{{IAST|gha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ङ}}||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br>{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br />
| colspan=4 |<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ह}}||{{IAST|ha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɦ/}}<br />
|-<br />
!''tālavya''<br>([[Palatal]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|च}}||{{IAST|ca}}<br>{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|छ}}||{{IAST|cha}}<br>{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ज}}||{{IAST|ja}}<br>{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|झ}}||{{IAST|jha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ञ}}||{{IAST|ña}}<br>{{IPA|/ɲ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|य}}||{{IAST|ya}}<br>{{IPA|/j/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|श}}||{{IAST|śa}}<br>{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}}<br />
| colspan=2 rowspan=4 |<br />
|-<br />
!''mūrdhanya''<br>([[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ट}}||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br>{{IPA|/ʈ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ठ}}||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br>{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ड}}||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br>{{IPA|/ɖ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ढ}}||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ण}}||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|र}}||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ष}}||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}}<br />
|-<br />
!''dantya''<br>([[Dental consonant|Dental]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|त}}||{{IAST|ta}}<br>{{IPA|/t̪/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|थ}}||{{IAST|tha}}<br>{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|द}}||{{IAST|da}}<br>{{IPA|/d̪/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ध}}||{{IAST|dha}}<br>{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|न}}||{{IAST|na}}<br>{{IPA|/n/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ल}}||{{IAST|la}}<br>{{IPA|/l/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|स}}||{{IAST|sa}}<br>{{IPA|/s/}}<br />
|-<br />
!''{{IAST|oṣṭhya}}''<br>([[Labial consonant|Labial]])<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|प}}||{{IAST|pa}}<br>{{IPA|/p/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|फ}}||{{IAST|pha}}<br>{{IPA|/ɸ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|ब}}||{{IAST|ba}}<br>{{IPA|/b/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|भ}}||{{IAST|bha}}<br>{{IPA|/bʱ/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|म}}||{{IAST|ma}}<br>{{IPA|/m/}}<br />
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|{{lang|und-Deva|व}}||{{IAST|va}}<br>{{IPA|/w, ʋ/}}<br />
| colspan="2"|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==संदर्भ==<br />
{{Reflist|35em}}<br />
<br />
[[श्रेणी:लिखाई]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:देवनागरी| ]]</div>
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