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<p><b>नया पन्ना</b></p><div>[[File:Vegetation.png|thumb|upright=2.5|धरती के बायोम सभ के बर्गीकरण के एगो तरीका।]]<br />
'''बायोम''' ({{Lang-en|biome}}; {{IPA-all|baɪoʊm}}) कौनों प्राकृतिक आवासक्षेत्र (हैबिटाट) में पावल जाए वाला बनस्पति (फ्लोरा) आ जियाजंतु (फौना) के समेकित रूप होखे लें <ref name="ucmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php|title=The world's biomes |website=www.ucmp.berkeley.edu |access-date=2008-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204035155/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php|archive-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=live |quote=is a large collection of flora and fauna occupying a major [[habitat]].}}</ref>दुसरे शब्द में, '''बायोम''' एगो बिसाल इलाका होला जेकर अपने खास बनस्पति, माटी, जलवायु आ जियाजंतु सभ से पहिचान होले।<ref name="NatGeo"/><br />
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बायोम के बर्गीकरण के कई गो तरीका अपनावल गइल बाड़ें; मुख्य रूप से पाँच गो बायोम प्रकार गिनावल जालें: पनिहा (एक्वाटिक), घासमैदान (ग्रासलैंड), बन, रेगिस्तान आ टुंड्रा बायोम। हालाँकि, इनहन में से कुछ के अउरियो उपप्रकार में बाँटल जा सके ला।<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web |title=The Five Major Types of Biomes |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/five-major-types-biomes/ |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |access-date=26 जनवरी 2022 |language=en |date=22 सितंबर 2020}}</ref> जइसे कि, एक्वाटिक बायोम के फ्रेशवाटर बायोम (मीठापानी के बायोम) आ मरीन बायोम (समुंद्री बायोम) में बाँटल जा सके ला।<br />
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=== Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200 ===<br />
[[File:Biomes_of_the_world.svg|thumb|upright 2|Terrestrial biomes of the world according to Olson et al. and used by the WWF and Global 200.]]<br />
{{Main|Global 200}}<br />
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A team of biologists convened by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into [[biogeographic realm]]s (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into [[ecoregions]] (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).<ref name="Olson1998" >Olson, D. M. & E. Dinerstein (1998). The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. ''Conservation Biol.'' 12:502–515, [http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/OlsonDinerstein1998.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001330/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/OlsonDinerstein1998.pdf |date=2016-10-07 }}.</ref><ref name="Olson2001" >Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., Kassem, K. R. (2001). Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. ''Bioscience'' 51(11):933–938, [http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917072415/http://wolfweb.unr.edu/~ldyer/classes/396/olsonetal.pdf |date=2012-09-17 }}.</ref><br />
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This classification is used to define the [[Global 200]] list of [[ecoregion]]s identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.<ref name="Olson1998" /><br />
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For the [[terrestrial ecoregions]], there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the [[biogeographic realm]], nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).<br />
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====Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)====<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* NA: [[Nearctic realm|Nearctic]]<br />
* PA: [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]]<br />
* AT: [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropic]]<br />
* IM: [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalaya]]<br />
* AA: [[Australasian realm|Australasia]]<br />
* NT: [[Neotropical realm|Neotropic]]<br />
* OC: [[Oceanian realm|Oceania]]<br />
* AN: [[Antarctic realm|Antarctic]]<ref name="Olson2001" /><br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.<ref name="Abell" >Abell, R., M. Thieme, C. Revenga, M. Bryer, M. Kottelat, N. Bogutskaya, B. Coad, N. Mandrak, S. Contreras-Balderas, W. Bussing, M. L. J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, G. R. Allen, P. Unmack, A. Naseka, R. Ng, N. Sindorf, J. Robertson, E. Armijo, J. Higgins, T. J. Heibel, E. Wikramanayake, D. Olson, H. L. Lopez, R. E. d. Reis, J. G. Lundberg, M. H. Sabaj Perez, and P. Petry. (2008). Freshwater ecoregions of the world: A new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. ''BioScience'' 58:403–414, [http://www.feow.org/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006151241/http://www.feow.org/downloads/Abell_et_al_08_BioScience.pdf |date=2016-10-06 }}.</ref><br />
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====Biogeographic realms (marine)====<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Arctic]]<br />
* [[Temperate Northern Atlantic]]<br />
* [[Temperate Northern Pacific]]<br />
* [[Tropical Atlantic]]<br />
* [[Western Indo-Pacific]]<br />
* [[Central Indo-Pacific]]<br />
* [[Eastern Indo-Pacific]]<br />
* [[Tropical Eastern Pacific]]<br />
* [[Temperate South America]]<br />
* [[Temperate Southern Africa]]<br />
* [[Temperate Australasia]]<br />
* [[Southern Ocean]]<ref name="Spalding" >Spalding, M. D. et al. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. ''BioScience'' 57: 573–583, [http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104440/http://algae.thu.edu.tw/lab/2013_Meeting_FebJune/2007_Marine_ecoregions_of_the_world.pdf |date=2016-10-06 }}.</ref><br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
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====Biomes (terrestrial)====<br />
# [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] (tropical and subtropical, humid)<br />
# [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests]] (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)<br />
# [[Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests]] (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)<br />
# [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] (temperate, humid)<br />
# [[Temperate coniferous forests]] (temperate, humid to semihumid)<br />
# [[Taiga|Boreal forests/taiga]] (subarctic, humid)<br />
# [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)<br />
# [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] (temperate, semiarid)<br />
# [[Flooded grasslands and savannas]] (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)<br />
# [[Montane grasslands and shrublands]] (alpine or montane climate)<br />
# [[Tundra]] (Arctic)<br />
# [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]] or [[sclerophyll forest]]s (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)<br />
# [[Deserts and xeric shrublands]] (temperate to tropical, arid)<br />
# [[Mangrove]] (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)<ref name="Olson2001" /><br />
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====Biomes (freshwater)====<br />
According to the WWF, the following are classified as [[freshwater]] biomes:<ref>"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: Major Habitat Types" {{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/mht.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007024422/http://www.feow.org/mht.php |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}. Accessed May 12, 2008.</ref><br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* Large [[lake]]s<br />
* Large [[river deltas]]<br />
* Polar [[freshwater]]s<br />
* Montane [[freshwater]]s<br />
* Temperate [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|coastal rivers]]<br />
* Temperate floodplain rivers and [[wetland]]s<br />
* Temperate [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|upland rivers]]<br />
* Tropical and subtropical [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|coastal rivers]]<br />
* Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and [[wetland]]s<br />
* Tropical and subtropical [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|upland rivers]]<br />
* Xeric freshwaters and [[endorheic basin]]s<br />
* [[Oceanic islands]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
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====Biomes (marine)====<br />
Biomes of the coastal and [[continental shelf]] areas ([[neritic zone]]):<br />
* Polar<br />
* Temperate shelves and sea<br />
* Temperate [[upwelling]]<br />
* Tropical [[upwelling]]<br />
* [[Coral reef|Tropical coral]]<ref>[[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]: [http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html Marine Ecoregions of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207101156/http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/marine/item1266.html |date=2009-02-07 }}</ref><br />
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====Summary of the scheme====<br />
* [[Biosphere]]<br />
** [[Biogeographic realm]]s (terrestrial) (8)<br />
*** [[Ecoregions]] (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)<br />
**** [[Ecosystems]] ([[biotope]]s)<br />
* [[Biosphere]]<br />
** [[Biogeographic realm]]s (freshwater) (8)<br />
*** [[Ecoregions]] (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)<br />
**** [[Ecosystems]] (biotopes)<br />
* [[Biosphere]]<br />
** Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)<br />
*** ([[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine provinces]]) (62)<br />
**** [[Ecoregions]] (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)<br />
***** [[Ecosystems]] (biotopes)<br />
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Example:<br />
* [[Biosphere]]<br />
** [[Biogeographic realm]]: [[Palearctic]]<br />
*** [[Ecoregion]]: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]] (PA0418); biome type: [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]]<br />
**** [[Ecosystem]]: [[Orjen]], vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)<br />
***** [[Biotope]]: ''Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae'' Fuk. ([[Dinaric calcareous block fir forest#Plant list|Plant list]])<br />
****** Plant: Silver fir (''[[Abies alba]]'')<br />
{{clear}}<br />
== संदर्भ ==<br />
{{Reflist|33em}}<br />
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{{Biomes}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[श्रेणी:बायोम| ]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:जीव भूगोल]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण बिज्ञान]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:पर्यावरण भूगोल]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:जीव बिज्ञान]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:इकोलॉजी]]<br />
[[श्रेणी:इकोसिस्टम]]<br />
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{{geography-stub}}<br />
{{biology-stub}}<br />
{{environment-stub}}</div>ImportMaster