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2022-04-16T13:33:59Z

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[[File:India rivers and lakes map.svg|thumb|मुख्य नद्दिन, झील आ बाँध कुल क नक्शा पर स्थिति]]
[[File:India flood zone map.svg|thumb|नद्दी आ बाढ़ की संभावना वाला इलाका क नक्शा]]

'''भारत क मुख्य नदी सभ''' के भारतीय लोगन के जिनगी मे एगो महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका बा. एकनि से पानी, सस्ता [[परिवहन]], [[बिजली]] आ बहुते लोगन के रोजगार मीलेला. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of [[भारत]] are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in [[Hindu]] [[Dharma]] and are considered [[holy]] by all Hindus in the country.<ref>Sunil Vaidyanathan, Rivers of India, ISBN 978-8189738884, 2012</ref>

Seven major rivers along with their numerous [[Tributary|tributaries]] make up the river system of India. The largest basin system of the rivers pour their waters into the [[Bay of Bengal]]; however, some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] empty into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Parts of [[Ladakh]], northern parts of the [[Aravalli]] range and the arid parts of the [[Thar Desert]] have inland drainage.

All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main [[water divide|watershed]]s:

#The [[Himalaya]] and the [[Karakoram]] ranges
#[[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India
#[[Sahyadri]] or [[Western Ghats]] in western India

==The Indo-Gangetic Plains==
Known as ''Ganga-Satluj Ka Maidaan'' (गँगा सतलज का मैदान), this area is drained by 16 major rivers. The major Himalayan Rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. These rivers are long,and are joined by many large and important tributaries. Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to sea.(in India Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal)

==Ganges River System==

The major rivers in this system are (in order of merging, from west to east)
*[[Ganga]] - Starting from [[Gangotri Glacier]], [[Uttarakhand]]
*[[Chambal River|Chambal]] - Not Himalayan river, covers MP and UP before merging into Yamuna
*[[Betwa]] - Not Himalayan river, covers Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh before merging into Yamuna
*[[Yamuna]] - Yamuna runs its most of the course parallel to Ganga before contributing its water to Ganga at Allahabad
*[[Gomti River|Gomti]] - Starts near the junction of three borders viz. Nepal, Uttarakhand and UP
*[[Ghaghra]] - Starts in Nepal near Uttarakhand
* [[Son River|Son]] - Not Himalayan river, covers MP, [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[बिहार]]. Largest of Ganga's southern tributaries
*[[Gandak]] - Starts from [[Nepal]]
*[[Koshi River|Kosi]] - Starts from Bihar, near Indo-Nepal border
*[[Brahmputra]] - Merges with Ganga to form the grand river (but short in length) - Padma in Bangladesh. By now, flow velocity of both rivers slow down to considerable extent as they are in plains now.

Before entering Bangladesh, Ganga leaves a distributary [[Hugli river|Hugli]], which provides water for irrigation in [[West Bengal]]

==Indus River System==

The '''Indus River'' originates in the northern slopes of the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] range near [[Lake Mansarovar]] in [[Tibet]]. Although most of the river's course runs through neighbouring [[Pakistan]], as per as regulation of Indus water treaty of 1960, India can only use only 20 percent of the water in this river. A portion of it does run through Indian territory, as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries, listed below. These tributaries are the source of the name of the [[Punjab]] of [[South Asia]]; the name is derived from the punch ("five") and ''aab'' ("water"), hence the combination of the words (''Punjab'') means "land with the water of five rivers". The Indus is 3200 km long.

The major rivers in Indus river system are (in order of their length):

*[[Indus River|Indus]] - 3200 km
*[[Chenab River|Chenab]] - 960 km
*[[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] - 813 km
*[[Ravi River|Ravi]] - 720 km
*[[Sutlej]] - 529 km
*[[Beas River|Beas]] - 460 km
*[[Shyok River|Shyok]]
*[[Zanskar River|Zanskar]]

==Annual flows and other data==
India experiences an average precipitation of 1,170 mm per year, or about 4,000 km3 of rains annually.<ref name=fao1/> Some 80% of its area experiences rains of 750 mm or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource.<ref>K.L. Rao, India's Water Wealth, ISBN 978-8125007043, 1979</ref> India harnessed 761 km3 (20%) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about 688 km3 to irrigation, 56 km3 to municipal and drinking water applications and 17 km3 to industry.<ref name=fao1/>

According to 2011 report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, India's basin wise distribution of catchment area and utilizable surface water resources is presented in the following table:<ref name=fao1>FAO, [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IND/IND-CP_eng.pdf India - Rivers Catchment], Aquastat, United Nations (2011)</ref>

{|class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! Basin number !! River basin unit !! Region !! Draining into !! Catchment area (% of river irrigated India) !! Average runoff (km3) !! Additional available surface water (km3)
|-
| 1.1 || Ganges (GBM) || North || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || 26.5 || 525.02 || 250
|-
| 1.2 || Brahmaputra (GBM) || Northeast ||{{flag|Bangladesh}} || 6 || 537.24 || 24
|-
| 1.3 || Meghna/Barak (GBM) || East ||{{flag|Bangladesh}} || 1.5 || 48.36 ||
|-
| 2 || Other Northeast rivers || Northeast || {{flag|Myanmar}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}} || 1.1 || 31 ||
|-
| 3 || Subernarekha || East-southeast || Bay of Bengal || 0.9 || 12.37 ||
|-
| 4 || Brahmani-Baitarani || East-southeast || Bay of Bengal || 1.6 || 28.48 || 6.8
|-
| 5 || Mahanadi || Central-east || Bay of Bengal || 4.4 || 66.88 || 18.3
|-
| 6 || Godavari || Central || Bay of Bengal || 9.7 || 110.54 || 50
|-
| 7 || Krishna || Central || Bay of Bengal || 8 || 78.12 || 76.3
|-
| 8 || Pennar || Southeast || Bay of Bengal || 1.7 || 6.32 || 58
|-
| 9 || Kaveri || South || Bay of Bengal || 2.5 || 21.36 || 6.9
|-
| 10 || East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar || Central-east || Bay of Bengal || 2.7 || 22.52 || 19
|-
| 11 || East flowing rivers between Kanyakumari and Pennar || Southeast || Bay of Bengal || 3.1 || 16.46 || 13.1
|-
| 12 || West flowing rivers between Tadri and Kanyakumari || Southwest || Arabian Sea || 1.7 || 113.53 || 16.7
|-
| 13 || West flowing rivers between Tapi and Tadri || Southwest || Arabian Sea || 1.7 || 87.41 || 24.3
|-
| 14 || Tapi || Central-west || Arabian Sea || 2 || 14.88 || 11.9
|-
| 15 || Narmada || Central-west || Arabian Sea || 3.1 || 45.64 || 14.5
|-
| 16 || Mahi || Northwest || Arabian Sea || 1.1 || 11.02 || 34.5
|-
| 17 || Sabarmati || Northwest || Arabian Sea || 0.7 || 3.81 || 3.1
|-
| 18 || West flowing rivers between Kutsh and Saurashtra || Northwest || Arabian Sea || 10 || 15.1 || 1.9
|-
| 19 || Rajasthan inland basin || Northwest || {{flag|भारत}} || 0 || Negligible || 15
|-
| 20 || Indus tributaries || Northwest || {{flag|Pakistan}}, {{flag|भारत}} || 10 || 73.31 || 46
|-
|style="width:300px; background:orange;"| ||style="width:300px; background:orange;"|Total (per International Treaty)||style="width:300px; background:orange;"| ||style="width:300px; background:orange;"| || style="width:300px; background:orange;"|100|| style="width:300px; background:orange;"|1869.37 ||style="width:300px; background:orange;"|690.3
|}

==The Peninsular River System==
The main water divide in peninsular rivers is formed by the [[Western Ghats]], which run from north to south close to the western coast. Most of the major rivers of the [[peninsula]] such as the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], the [[Godavari]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Kaveri]] flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers make delta at their mouth. The [[Narmada]] and [[Tapti]] are the only long rivers, which flow west and make estuaries.

[[File:Plan of River Systems of India.png|frame|none|alt=text chart showing confluence of rivers in India|This chart shows the [[tributaries]] and [[distributaries]] of major rivers of India. The merging of cells to the right side each time indicates getting supply from a tributary and vice-versa. The bottom-most row shows other rivers with no major helping rivers (Saryu is an exception). Flow of the rivers is assumed to be from left to right.]]

== इहो देखल जाय==
*[[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
*[[Amazon River|Amazon river basin]]
*[[Rhine|Rhine river basin]]
*[[Danube|Danube river basin]]
*[[Nile|Nile river basin]]
*[[Yangtze#Geography|Yangtze river basin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[श्रेणी:भारत के नदी]]
[[श्रेणी:भारत के भूगोल]]

भारत क मुख्य नदी सभ - बदलाव इतिहास

ImportMaster १३:३३, १६ अप्रैल २०२२ पर