English: West African sites with archaeobotanical remains from third to first millennium cal bc. The arrows indicate directions of pearl millet diffusion into sub-Saharan West Africa. Black arrows: central branch from Tilemsi, after 2500 cal bc, with a central Sahara origin (3500 cal bc); grey arrows: western branch from Tichitt, after 2000 cal bc; white arrows: potential origin for the Chad Basin and for the Nok region. Site regions: 1 Winde Koroji, 2 Tin-Akof, 3 Birimi, 4 Kintampo B-Sites, 5 Nok region sites, 6 Kozoungou, 7 Oursi West, 8 Kursakata, 9 Mege, 10 Alibori, 11 Walade, 12 Dia, 13 Jenne–jeno, 14 Bosumpra Cave, 15 Ounjougou, 16 Gajiganna, 17 AZ 22, 18 MT 25, 19 MK36, 20 Tilemsi region sites, 21 Tichitt region sites (adapted from Fig. 9.1 in Champion 2020, details and references in ESM 2 Table 2)