अंग्रेजी खातिर आइपीए
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Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia and differ from those used by dictionaries.
If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the links below.
Key
If the words illustrating two symbols sound the same to you (say, if you pronounce cot and caught the same, or do and dew, or marry and merry), you can ignore the difference between those symbols. Footnotes explain some of these mergers. (See also Dialect variation below.)
For a table listing all spellings of these sounds, see टेम्पलेट:Section link. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see टेम्पलेट:Section link.
Notes
- The IPA stress mark (टेम्पलेट:IPA) comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.
- Words in टेम्पलेट:Sc are the standard lexical sets. Words in the lexical sets टेम्पलेट:Sc and टेम्पलेट:Sc may be given two transcriptions, respectively one with टेम्पलेट:IPA and one with टेम्पलेट:IPA, or one with टेम्पलेट:IPA and one with टेम्पलेट:IPA, rather than with the variable-vowel symbols in the key above.
Dialect variation
टेम्पलेट:Main This key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate General American (GenAm), Received Pronunciation (RP), Canadian English, South African, Australian, and New Zealand pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
- If, for example, you pronounce cot टेम्पलेट:IPA and caught टेम्पलेट:IPA the same, then you may simply ignore the difference between the symbols टेम्पलेट:IPA and टेम्पलेट:IPA, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.
- In many dialects, टेम्पलेट:IPA occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore टेम्पलेट:IPA in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart टेम्पलेट:IPA.
- In other dialects, टेम्पलेट:IPA (yes) cannot occur after टेम्पलेट:IPA, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the टेम्पलेट:IPA in transcriptions such as new टेम्पलेट:IPA. For example, New York is transcribed टेम्पलेट:IPA. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the टेम्पलेट:IPA in टेम्पलेट:IPA is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the टेम्पलेट:IPA in टेम्पलेट:IPA is not pronounced and may be ignored.
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
- The difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern, maintained in Scottish and Irish English but lost elsewhere.
- The difference between the vowels of pain and pane found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects.
- The vowels of bad and had, distinguished in many parts of Australia and the Eastern United States.
- The vowels of spider and spied her, distinguished in Scotland and some parts of North America.
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.
The pronunciation of the टेम्पलेट:IPA vowel in Scotland, Wales and northern England has always been closer to टेम्पलेट:IPAblink, even amongst educated speakers. BBC English is moving away from the older RP टेम्पलेट:IPAblink towards the more open vowel टेम्पलेट:IPAblink, and the Oxford English Dictionary transcribes the lad, bad, cat, trap vowel as टेम्पलेट:IPA in its updated entries.
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the IPA chart for English dialects.
Other transcriptions
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key.
- To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see pronunciation respelling for English, which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
- To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see Help:IPA conventions for English, which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
इहो देखल जाय
- If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
- For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the टेम्पलेट:Tl template.
- For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.
- Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key
Notes
References
External links
- Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols—For help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols
- IPA TTS (text-to-speech) bookmarklet
- ↑ If the two characters टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket and टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket do not match and if the first looks like a टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
- ↑ The phoneme टेम्पलेट:IPA is not distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.
- ↑ The IPA value of the letter टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besides hallelujah, there's Jägermeister and jarlsberg cheese.
- ↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either टेम्पलेट:IPA or टेम्पलेट:IPA.
- ↑ In most dialects, टेम्पलेट:IPA is replaced by टेम्पलेट:IPA in most words, including loch. Where the sound begins a word, such as Chanukah, it is sometimes replaced with टेम्पलेट:IPA. In ugh, it is often replaced by टेम्पलेट:IPA (a spelling pronunciation).
- ↑ In non-rhotic accents like RP, टेम्पलेट:IPA is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, टेम्पलेट:IPA etc. may not be distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA etc. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is not distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm.
- ↑ Some regions, such as New York City and Philadelphia, separate this into two phonemes, टेम्पलेट:IPA and टेम्पलेट:IPA, so that the vowel in crash may be closer to that in mail than that in cat. In other dialects, such as General American, the two sounds are allophones. See /æ/ tensing.
- ↑ In some regions, what would normally be टेम्पलेट:IPA or टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced as टेम्पलेट:IPA or टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA or टेम्पलेट:IPA, so that the a in rang and rag is closer to the ai in rain than the a in rat.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced the same as टेम्पलेट:IPA in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger.
- ↑ Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an टेम्पलेट:IPA is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an टेम्पलेट:IPA is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because टेम्पलेट:IPA and टेम्पलेट:IPA are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: टेम्पलेट:IPA. However, even though the value of टेम्पलेट:IPA is not predictable in some words, such as spider टेम्पलेट:IPA,टेम्पलेट:Fact dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
- ↑ १२.० १२.१ १२.२ १२.३ Some speakers pronounce higher, flower, lawyer, layer (stratum) and mayor with two syllables, and hire, flour, loir, lair and mare with one. Others pronounce them the same.
- ↑ उद्धरण खराबी:Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedE - ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced the same as टेम्पलेट:IPA in accents with the mirror–nearer merger.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is not distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA (except before टेम्पलेट:IPA) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
- ↑ १६.० १६.१ १६.२ टेम्पलेट:IPA is not distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
- ↑ १७.० १७.१ १७.२ टेम्पलेट:IPA is not distinguished from टेम्पलेट:IPA in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is commonly transcribed टेम्पलेट:IPA or टेम्पलेट:IPA.
- ↑ In dialects with yod dropping, टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced the same as टेम्पलेट:IPA after coronal consonants (टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, and टेम्पलेट:IPA) in the same syllable, so that dew टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced the same as do टेम्पलेट:IPA. In dialects with yod coalescence, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA and टेम्पलेट:IPA are pronounced टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA, टेम्पलेट:IPA and टेम्पलेट:IPA, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the टेम्पलेट:IPA vowel: there is no foot–strut split.
- ↑ टेम्पलेट:IPA is pronounced टेम्पलेट:IPA in dialects with the happy tensing, टेम्पलेट:IPA in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to टेम्पलेट:Angle bracket.
- ↑ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
- ↑ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).
Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus hire टेम्पलेट:IPA is transcribed टेम्पलेट:Angbr, without a stress mark, contrasting with higher टेम्पलेट:IPA, which is transcribed टेम्पलेट:Angbr, without a syllable mark.