बायोम

धरती के बायोम सभ के बर्गीकरण के एगो तरीका।

बायोम (टेम्पलेट:Lang-en; टेम्पलेट:IPA-all) कौनों प्राकृतिक आवासक्षेत्र (हैबिटाट) में पावल जाए वाला बनस्पति (फ्लोरा) आ जियाजंतु (फौना) के समेकित रूप होखे लें दुसरे शब्द में, बायोम एगो बिसाल इलाका होला जेकर अपने खास बनस्पति, माटी, जलवायु आ जियाजंतु सभ से पहिचान होले।

बायोम के बर्गीकरण के कई गो तरीका अपनावल गइल बाड़ें; मुख्य रूप से पाँच गो बायोम प्रकार गिनावल जालें: पनिहा (एक्वाटिक), घासमैदान (ग्रासलैंड), बन, रेगिस्तान आ टुंड्रा बायोम। हालाँकि, इनहन में से कुछ के अउरियो उपप्रकार में बाँटल जा सके ला। जइसे कि, एक्वाटिक बायोम के फ्रेशवाटर बायोम (मीठापानी के बायोम) आ मरीन बायोम (समुंद्री बायोम) में बाँटल जा सके ला।

Olson & Dinerstein (1998) biomes for WWF / Global 200

Terrestrial biomes of the world according to Olson et al. and used by the WWF and Global 200.

A team of biologists convened by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a scheme that divided the world's land area into biogeographic realms (called "ecozones" in a BBC scheme), and these into ecoregions (Olson & Dinerstein, 1998, etc.). Each ecoregion is characterized by a main biome (also called major habitat type).

This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation.

For the terrestrial ecoregions, there is a specific EcoID, format XXnnNN (XX is the biogeographic realm, nn is the biome number, NN is the individual number).

Biogeographic realms (terrestrial and freshwater)

• NA: Nearctic
• PA: Palearctic
• AT: Afrotropic
• IM: Indomalaya
• AA: Australasia
• NT: Neotropic
• OC: Oceania
• AN: Antarctic

टेम्पलेट:Div col end The applicability of the realms scheme above - based on Udvardy (1975)—to most freshwater taxa is unresolved.

Biogeographic realms (marine)

• Arctic
• Temperate Northern Atlantic
• Temperate Northern Pacific
• Tropical Atlantic
• Western Indo-Pacific
• Central Indo-Pacific
• Eastern Indo-Pacific
• Tropical Eastern Pacific
• Temperate South America
• Temperate Southern Africa
• Temperate Australasia
• Southern Ocean

Biomes (terrestrial)

1. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, humid)
2. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
3. Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests (tropical and subtropical, semihumid)
4. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (temperate, humid)
5. Temperate coniferous forests (temperate, humid to semihumid)
6. Boreal forests/taiga (subarctic, humid)
7. Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (tropical and subtropical, semiarid)
8. Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (temperate, semiarid)
9. Flooded grasslands and savannas (temperate to tropical, fresh or brackish water inundated)
10. Montane grasslands and shrublands (alpine or montane climate)
11. Tundra (Arctic)
12. Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub or sclerophyll forests (temperate warm, semihumid to semiarid with winter rainfall)
13. Deserts and xeric shrublands (temperate to tropical, arid)
14. Mangrove (subtropical and tropical, salt water inundated)

Biomes (freshwater)

According to the WWF, the following are classified as freshwater biomes: टेम्पलेट:Div col

• Large lakes
• Large river deltas
• Polar freshwaters
• Montane freshwaters
• Temperate coastal rivers
• Temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands
• Temperate upland rivers
• Tropical and subtropical coastal rivers
• Tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands
• Tropical and subtropical upland rivers
• Xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins
• Oceanic islands

Biomes (marine)

Biomes of the coastal and continental shelf areas (neritic zone):

• Polar
• Temperate shelves and sea
• Temperate upwelling
• Tropical upwelling
• Tropical coral

Summary of the scheme

• Biosphere
  • Biogeographic realms (terrestrial) (8)
    • Ecoregions (867), each characterized by a main biome type (14)
      • Ecosystems (biotopes)
• Biosphere
  • Biogeographic realms (freshwater) (8)
    • Ecoregions (426), each characterized by a main biome type (12)
      • Ecosystems (biotopes)
• Biosphere
  • Biogeographic realms (marine) (12)
    • (Marine provinces) (62)
      • Ecoregions (232), each characterized by a main biome type (5)
        • Ecosystems (biotopes)

Example:

• Biosphere
  • Biogeographic realm: Palearctic
    • Ecoregion: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (PA0418); biome type: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
      • Ecosystem: Orjen, vegetation belt between 1,100 and 1,450 m, Oromediterranean zone, nemoral zone (temperate zone)
        • Biotope: Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk. (Plant list)
          • Plant: Silver fir (Abies alba)